軍事

• 核開発　nuclear development
• 覇権競争　a hegemony war
• 海洋進出　maritime expansion
• 敵対国　adversary
• 実効支配　effective control
• 国際法違反　violation of international laws
• 法的拘束力はない　not legally binding
• 常設仲裁裁判所　the Permanent Court of Arbitration
• 軍事的介入　military intervention
• 先制攻撃　a preemptive attack

紛争

• 紛争　conflict
• 論争　dispute
• 武力紛争　armed conflicts
• 戦闘停止　truce
• 停戦　cessation of hostilities
• 休戦　cease-fire
• 休戦協定　armistice
• 非軍事制裁　non-military sancions

外交

• 一帯一路政策　the Belt and Road Initiative
• 衛星国　satellite states
• 不凍港　warm-water ports
• 強硬装置　hardline policy
• 筆頭同盟国　ally in chief
• 領土割譲　cession of territory

情勢

• 犯罪の急増　a surge in crime
• 報道制限　restrictions on press freedom
• 悪の枢軸　the axis of evil
• ならず者国家　a rough state
• 機能主義　functionalism

資本主義

• 資本主義　capitalism
• 自由主義経済　the liberal economy
• 産業革命　the Industrial Revolution
• 経済格差　economic disparity
• 所得格差　income gap
• 階級闘争　a class struggle
• 高所得者層　high income households
• 累進課税　a progressive tax
• 逆進税　a regressive tax
• 社会福祉　social welfare
• 金融緩和　credit relaxation[expansion]

通貨制度

• ブレトン・ウッズ協定　the Bretton Woods Agreement
• 基軸通貨　key currency
• 財政赤字　fiscal deficits
• 貿易収支　trade balance
• 機関投資家　institutional investors
• 空売り　short selling[shorting a security]
• 先物取引　futures
• 暗号通貨　cryptocurrency

労働

• 年功序列制度　a seniority-based wage system
• 新卒一括採用　hiring new graduates en masse
• 低く抑えられた賃金　suppressed wages
• 年功　years of service
• 臨時雇用　contingent employment
• 有効求人倍率　a jobs-to-applicants ration

“Papa, what are you going to give us this winter for our evening
readings?” said Jennie.”

“I am thinking, for one thing,” I replied, “of preaching a course of
household sermons from a very odd text prefixed to a discourse which I
found at the bottom of the pamphlet-barrel in the garret.”

“Don’t say sermon, Papa,–it has such a dreadful sound; and on winter
evenings one wants something entertaining.”

“Well, treatise, then,” said I, “or discourse, or essay, or prelection;
I’m not particular as to words.”

“But what is the queer text that you found at the bottom of the
pamphlet-barrel?”

“It was one preached upon by your mother’s great-great-grandfather, the
very savory and much-respected Simeon Shuttleworth, ‘on the occasion of
the melancholy defections and divisions among the godly in the town of
West Dofield’ and it runs thus,‘ Take us the foxes, the little foxes,
that spoil the vines: for our vines have tender grapes.’”

“It’s a curious text enough; but I can’t imagine what you are going to
make of it.”

“Simply an essay on Little Foxes,” said I, “by which I mean those
unsuspected, unwatched, insignificant little causes, that nibble away
domestic happiness, and make home less than so noble an institution
should be.”

動詞”give”の文型

• give O1 O2 ◆第４文型　O1にO2を与える
• give O2 to[for] O1◆第３文型　O1にO2を与える

例文”what are you going to give us this winter for our evening readings?”はgiveの直後に「人物(us)」が剥き出しで置かれているため、その時点でほぼ第４文型のgiveで決まりです。第４文型であれば「何を与えるのか」も剥き出しで置かれているはずですが、それは「何を(what)」という疑問詞の疑問文で文頭に置かれています。また例文は”be going to”の未来形です。文末の”for”は（文全体にかかる）目的の前置詞”for”になります。
第３文型”give”の前置詞to[for]の区別は、予め前置詞の後に続く人物の要請があったかどうかで区別すると概ね間違いがないようです。「母さん、ちょっと、それとって？」「タラちゃん、この味どうかしら？」こういった機微だと思います。

so 形容詞 that SV

「SがVするくらい形容詞」という構文です。「ゲレンデが溶けるほど恋したい」をなんとかして英文にしたかったロマンチックな構文だと思います。例文”make home less than so noble an institution should be”は「家庭を高尚なものにしよう、公的機関（がそうあるべき）ってほどではないけどさ」くらいの和訳になるはずです。

Hammer, I have a little surprise for you myself, perhaps. I told
you this morning that I had changed my plans pending your acceptance
of my offer to you, so there is no use in beating about the bush.

Until a month ago I had considered myself fairly well fixed for
life; then came that flurry in Wall Street which wrecked two of your
big institutions.

I woke up one morning to find myself almost a beggar, as all my
funds were invested in American securities and they had slipped down
and out with a crash. My word, it was a blow! I had a few hundreds
left; no more.

うろ覚えしない”a little”の仲間たち

〇〇しても仕方ない、〇〇しても無駄である

• there is no use 〇〇ing
• there is no use in 〇〇ing
• It is no use 〇〇ing　※inが間に入らない（入るパターンがない）
• It is useless to 〇〇

時を表す”as”と時制の一致

時制の一致

副詞節が過去受動態であれば、主節も過去形になります。時を表す”as”で構成される副詞節は「～するときに」「～しながら」「～したとたんに」と複数用例があるため、国語的な意味解釈で悩んでしまう人は、時制の一致を「とにかくこれはルールだ！」と覚えておくとよいでしょう。

→→→「現在完了」→→→→→→→→→→→（現在）
→→→「過去完了」→→→（過去）‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐‐

過去完了